Nanomaterials in Concrete: Mechanisms of Action, Benefits, and Future Perspectives – A Theoretical Review

Abstract

The incorporation of nanomaterials into concrete represents a significant innovation in civil engineering, capable of enhancing mechanical properties, durability, and functionality of structures. This paper presents a theoretical review of the main nanomaterials used in concrete composition—such as nano-structured silica, titanium dioxide, and carbon nanotubes—their mechanisms of action, benefits, as well as technical, economic, and environmental challenges related to their application. Future perspectives for the consolidation of this technology in construction are also discussed, highlighting its potential for developing more sustainable and intelligent materials. It is concluded that, despite current obstacles, advances in nanotechnology applied to concrete point to an inevitable and promising trend in the field.