FOOD LOSS/WASTE (FLW) BEHAVIOUR IN THE FOOD-SECURITY TRANSITION NEXUS AMONG FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN THE SOUTHWEST OF NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31413/nat.v14i1.20296Keywords:
community empowerment, factor analysis, psychometrics, scale validation, social forestryAbstract
This study examines the dynamics of food loss/waste behaviour and its determinants among farming households in Southwestern Nigeria. A combination of cluster and systematic random sampling was used to select 160 households through primary data collected in two periods of late and early rain, respectively, over a period of 10 months. Data were analyzed using a simultaneous-equation model. Transition of food-security households to food-insecurity indicated a differential of 4.05% in the first season and a differential of 9.15% during the second. The probability of households escaping food insecurity was 0.23, and entering food insecurity was 0.37. Past studies of this nature only captured the food-insecurity status of households using a snapshot study. This study brought in innovation by examining the dynamics of FLW in two periods, during agricultural harvest, when more food waste/loss was recorded. Therefore, the question this study asks is: Can a farm household enhance food loss/waste reduction over a particular period of time and vice versa?
Keywords: community empowerment; social forestry; scale validation; psychometrics; factor analysis.
References
AKERELE, D.; AFOLAYAN, S. O.; OYAWOLE, F. P.; SANUSI, R. A. Socioeconomic determinants of food waste among households in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Economics, v. 7, p. 25-35, 2017. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.268440
AHMED, Z.; CRUSH, J.; OWUOR, S.; ONYANGO, E. Disparities and determinants of Somali refugee food security in Nairobi, Kenya. Global Food Security, v. 43, e100728, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100808
ANDERSON, C. E.; AU, L. E.; YEPEZ, C. E.; RITCHIE, L. D.; TSAI, M. M.; WHALEY, S. E. Increased WIC cash value benefit is associated with greater amount and diversity of redeemed fruits and vegetables among participating households. Current Developments in Nutrition, v. 7, e101986, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101986
APETI, A. E.; EDOH, E. D. Tax revenue and mobile money in developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, v. 161, e103014, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.103014
ARAGIE, E.; BALIE, J.; MORALESOPAZO, C. Does reducing food losses and wastes in sub-Saharan Africa make economic sense? Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, v. 36, n. 6, p. 483-494, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X1877024
AREGAWI, B.; GEBRU, K. M.; HAILEKIROS, T.; GEBREEGZIABHER, A. Household food security status and its determinants: case of Atsbi District, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Food Security, v. 12, n. 3, p. 59-65, 2024. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfs-12-3-4
BARRERA, E. L.; HERTEL, T. Global food waste across the income spectrum: Implications for food prices, production and resource use. Food Policy, v. 98, e101874, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101874
BAYLISS-SMITH, T. Food security and agricultural sustainability in the New Guinea highlands: vulnerable people, vulnerable places. IDS Bulletin, v. 22, n. 3, p. 5-11, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1991.mp22003002.x
BAULCH, B.; MCCULLOCH, N. Being poor and becoming poor: poverty status and poverty transitions in rural Pakistan - preliminary material and interim research results circulated to stimulate discussion. IDS Bulletin, v. 14, p. 11-14, 1998.
BOITEAU, JM. PINGALI, P. Can we agree on a food loss and waste definition? An assessment of definitional elements for a globally applicable framework. Global Food Security, v. 37 100677. 2023.
CAFIERO, C.; GHERI, F.; VIVIANI, S. Validating the food insecurity experience scale for use in analyses of recent food insecurity. Global Food Security, v. 42, e100783, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100783
CALDEIRA, C.; DE LAURENTIIS, V.; CORRADO, S.; VAN HOLSTEIJN, F.; SALA, S. Quantification of food waste per product group along the food supply chain in the European Union: a mass flow analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 149, p. 479-488, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.06.011
CAMPOY-MUNOZ, P.; CARDENETE, M. A.; DELGADO, M. C. Economic impact assessment of food waste reduction on European countries through social accounting matrices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 122, p. 202-209, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.02.010
CATTANEO, A.; SÁNCHEZ, M. V.; TORERO, M.; VOS, R. Reducing food loss and waste: Five challenges for policy and research. Food Policy v. 98, e101974, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101974
CHABOUD, G. Assessing food losses and waste with a methodological framework: insights from a case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 125, p. 188-197, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.06.008
CHAUHAN, C.; DHIR, A.; AKRAM, M. U.; SALO, J. Food loss and waste in food supply chains. A systematic literature review and framework development approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 295, e126438, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126438
CHALAK, A.; ABOU-DAHER, C.; ABIAD, M. G. Generation of food waste in the hospitality and food retail and wholesale sectors: lessons from developed economies. Food Security, v. 10, p. 1279-1290, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0841-0
CAITLIN, O. B.; WANDA, M.; FONSECA, A. Food loss and waste reduction interventions: A scoping review. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development v. 14, n. 2, p. 145-164, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2025.142.027
CELA, N.; GIORGIONE, V.; FASSIO, F.; TORRI, L. Impact of circular economy information on sensory acceptability, purchase intention and perceived value of upcycled foods by young consumers. Food Research International, v. 175, e113765, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113765
CORRADO, A.; PALUMBO, L. Essential farmworkers and the pandemic crisis: Migrant labour conditions, and legal and political responses in Italy and Spain. In: TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, A. (Ed.) Migration and pandemics: spaces of solidarity and spaces of exception. Switzerland: Springer Cham, p. 145-166, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_8 (IMISCOE Research Series, 67)
DELGADO, L.; SCHUSTER, M.; TORERO, M. Quantity and quality food losses across the value Chain: a comparative analysis. Food Policy, v. 98, e101958, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101958
DE MORAES, C. C.; COSTA, F. H. de C.; PEREIRA, C. R.; DA SILVA, A. L.; DELAI, I. Retail food waste: mapping causes and reduction practices. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 256, e120124, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120124
DHAR, R.; OLABISI, M.; DAVID, L.; TSCHIRLEY, I. Food demand responses to global price shocks: contrasts in sub-national evidence from Nigeria. Food Security, v. 12, n. 1, p. 1419-1443, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-024-01490-9
ENDALEW, B.; MUCHE, M.; TADESSE, S. Assessment of food security situation in Ethiopia: a review. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 9, n. 2, p. 55-68, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajar.2015.55.68
FABI, C.; CACHIA, F.; CONFORTI, P.; ENGLISH, A.; MONCAYO, J. R. Improving data on food losses and waste: from theory to practice. Food Policy, v. 98, e101934, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101934
FAMI, H. S.; ARAMYAN, L. H.; SIJTSEMA, S. J.; ALAMBAIGI, A. Determinants of household food waste behavior in Tehran city: a structural model. Resources, Conservation and Recycling v. 143, p. 154-166, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.12.033
FAO_Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Report. Rome: FAO, 2019. 182p. Available at: https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/ba08937f-4a41-4ff5-a4e7-e495e5f5f599. Access on: 14 Jun. 2025.
FAO_Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Loss and Waste FLW Database. 2020a, Available at: https://www.fao.org/platform -food-loss-waste/flw-data/en/. Accessed on: 14 Jun. 2025.
FAO_Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. How to Use the FLW Database. 2020b. Available at: https://www.fao.org/platform-foodloss-waste/flw-data/user-guide/en/. Accessed on: 14 Jun. 2025.
FAO_Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. How to Use the FLW Database. 2021. Available at: https://www.fao.org/platform-food-loss-waste/flw-data/user-g uide/en/. Accessed on: 11 May. 2024.
FAO_Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Online Food Loss and Waste database. Dataset of food loss and waste estimates from grey literature, national and sectoral reports. 2024. Available at: http://www.fao.org/foodloss-and-food-waste/flw- data/en/. Access on: 14 Feb. 2025.
FAO_Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The state of food and agriculture: moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. 2025. 182p. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/ca6030en/ca6030en.pdf. Access on: 14 Feb. 2025.
FOSTER, J.; GREER, J.; THORBECKE, E. A class of decomposable poverty measure. Econometrical, v. 52, n. 3, p 761-766, 1984. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913475
GALLI, F.; CAVICCHI, A.; BRUNORI, G. Food waste reduction, and food poverty alleviation: a system dynamics conceptual model. Agriculture and Human Values, v. 36, p. 289-300, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-019-09919-0
GASCON, J.; SOLA, C.; LARREA-KILLINGER, C. A qualitative approach to food loss. The case of the production of fruit in Lleida (Catalonia, Spain). Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, v. 42, n. 5, p. 736-757, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2022.2061099
GILES, B.; WENTWORTH, T.; DIAWARA, N. Relationship between firearm-related deaths and food insecurity in Hampton Roads. Journal of Food Security, v. 12, n. 4, p. 66-75, 2024. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfs-12-4-
GREER, J.; THORBECKE, E. A methodology of measuring food poverty, applied to Kenya. Journal of Development Economics, v. 24, n. 1, p. 59-74, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(86)90144-6
GUNDERSEN, C.; OLIVEIRA, V. The food stamp program and food insufficiency. Journal of Agricultural Economics, v. 83, n. 4, p. 875-887, 2001.
HARTIKAINEN, H.; MOGENSEN, L.; SVANES, E.; FRANKE, U. Food waste quantification in primary production in the Nordic countries as a case study. Waste Management, v. 71, p. 502-511, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.026
HARVEY, J.; SMITH, A.; GOULDING, J.; ILLODO, I. B. Food sharing, redistribution, and waste reduction via mobile applications: a social network analysis. Industrial Marketing Management, v. 88, p. 437-448, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.02.019
HELLEGERS, P. Food security vulnerability due to trade dependencies on Russia and Ukraine. Food Security, v. 14, p. 1503-1510, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-022-01306-8
HOSSAIN, M.; MENDIRATTA, V.; SAVASTANO, S. Agricultural and rural development interventions and poverty reduction: Global evidence from 16 impact assessment studies. Global Food Security, v. 161, e103014, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100806
HUANG, C. H.; LIU, S. M.; HSU, N. Y. Understanding global food surplus and food waste to tackle economic and environmental issues. Sustainability, v. 12, n. 7, e2892, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072892
SCHNEIDER, K. R.; CAMPOS, A. P. De La O.; CAVATASSI, R.; DAVIS, B. Resilient and inclusive rural transformation in sub-Saharan Africa under climate, demographic, and social change: Challenges and opportunities for income growth and job creation. Global Food Security, v. 43, e100815, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100815
KHALID, S.; NASEER, A.; SHAHID, M.; SHAH, G. M.; ULLAH, M. I.; WAQAR, A.; ABBAS, T.; IMRAN, M.; REHMAN, F. Assessment of nutritional loss with food waste and factors governing this waste at the household level in Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production v. 206, e1015-1024, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.138
MCDONALD, J. F.; MOFFIT, R. A. The uses of Tobit analysis. Review of Economics and Statistics, v. 62, n. 2, p. 318-321, 1980.
MONTALVO, C.; LANCASTER, V.; SHIPP, S. A novel approach to assessing food insecurity for small geographic areas using household living budgets. Food Security, v. 12, n. 1, p. 1569-1586, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-024-01494-5
MILLS, J. A.; ZANDVAKILI, A. Statistical inference via bootstrapping for measures of inequality. Journal of Applied Econometrics, v. 12, n. 2, p. 133-150, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099‐1255(199703)12:23.0.CO;2‐H
NBS_National Bureau of Statistics. Annual Statistics and Statistical Bulletin for State Ministries of Rural Development for Nigeria 2022 and quarter (Q) 3-4 of 2023. Abuja, Nigeria: NBS, 2023. p. 35-75.
NORD, M.; JEMISON, K.; BICKEL, G. Prevalence of food insecurity and hunger by state, 1996-1998. Washington, DC: Food Assistance & Nutrition Research Report No. 2, USDA, 1999. 20p.
OLABODE, O.; KUMAR, N.; DEBASHREE, D. Food loss and waste management in the retail food supply chain: methods and framework to achieve environmental sustainability. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 387, e125718, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125718
OECD-FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034. Paris and Rome: OECD/FAO, 2025. 166p. Available at: https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6043en. Accessed on: 03 Feb. 2026.
OECD. Beyond food loss and waste reduction targets: translating reduction ambitions into policy outcomes. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2025. 60p. (Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Paper, 214). Available at: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2025/01/beyond-food-loss-and-waste-reduction-targets_af587d11/59cf6c95-en.pdf. Accessed on: 03 Feb. 2026.
PAUDEL, L. Analysis of the relationship between poverty and income inequality in Alabama, U.S.A. The use of the two‐stage least squares method. 169f. Unpublished Master of Science Thesis, Department of Agricultural Business. Graduate School, Alabama University, USA. 2004.
PEREZ-ESCAMILLA, R.; SALLES-COSTA, R.; SEGALL-CORRÊA, M. Food insecurity experience-based scales and food security governance: A case study from Brazil. Global Food Security, v. 41, e100766, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100766
PRINCIPATO, L. Food waste at consumer level: A comprehensive literature review. Springer International Publishing, 2018. 64p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78887-6
QI, D.; LAI, W.; ROE, B. E. Food waste declined more in rural Chinese households with livestock. Food Policy, v. 98, e101893, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101893
RANFAGNI, S.; FARAONI, M.; ZOLLO, L.; VANNUCCI, V. Combining online market research methods for investigating brand alignment: the case of Nespresso. British Food Journal, v. 123, n. 13, p. 37-58, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-06-2020-0462
ROSEGRANT, M. W.; WONG, B.; SULSER, T. B.; DUBOSSE, N.; LYBBERT, T. J. Benefit-cost analysis of increased funding for agricultural research and development in the global south. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, v. 14, n. 51, p. 1-25, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1017/bca.2023.27
SANTERAMO, F. G. Exploring the link among food loss, waste and food security: what the research should focus on? Agriculture & Food Security, v. 10, e26, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00302-z
SCUBERT, R. Poverty in developing countries: its definitions, extent and implications. Economics, v. 49, n. 5, p. 17-40, 1994.
SIDERIUS, C.; VANDER-VELDE, Y.; GÜLPEN, M.; DE BRUIN, S.; BIEMANS, H. Improved water management can increase food self-sufficiency in urban foodsheds of Sub-Saharan Africa. Global Food Security, v. 42, e100787, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100787
SKAWINSKA, E.; ZALEWSKI, R. I. Combining the water–energy–food and food waste–food loss–food security nexuses to reduce resource waste. Energies, v. 15, n. 16, e5866, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165866
THORSEN, M.; MIROSA, M.; SKEAFF, S.; GOODMAN-SMITH, F.; BREMER, P. Upcycled food: How does it support the three pillars of sustainability? Trends in Food Science & Technology, v. 143, e104269, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.104269
UNEP_United Nations Environment Programme. Food Waste Index Report, United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, 2021. 100p. (Food Waste Index Report, 2021)
WANG, Y.; YUAN, Z.; TANG, Y. Enhancing food security and environmental sustainability: A critical review of food loss and waste management. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, v. 4, e100023, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2021.100023
ZAHIDI, F.; DANESHZAD, D.; AZADBAKHT, L. Associations between food insecurity and common mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analyses of observational studies. Food Security, v. 12, n. 1, p. 1555-1568, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-024-01496-3
ZASADA, I.; SCHMUTZ, U.; WASCHER, D.; KNEAFSEY, M.; CORSI, S.; MAZZOCCHI, C.; MONACO, F.; BOYCE, P.; DOERNBERG, A.; SALI, G.; PIORR, A. Food beyond the city: analyzing foodsheds and self-sufficiency for different food system scenarios in European metropolitan regions. City, Culture and Society, v. 16, p. 25-35, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2017.06.002
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nativa

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright for articles published in this journal are the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal shows open access, and articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and non-commercial.
The articles published in this journal may be reproduced in part or used as a reference by other authors, provided that the source is quoted.

